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424B3

Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)
Registration Statement No. 333-260822

Prospectus Supplement No. 7

(to Prospectus dated May 16, 2022)

LOGO

Up to 19,999,967 Shares of Class A Common Stock Issuable Upon Exercise of Warrants

and

Up to 5,000,000 Shares of Class A Common Stock Offered by the Selling Stockholder

This prospectus supplement is being filed to update, amend and supplement the information included in the prospectus dated May 16, 2022 (the “Prospectus”) related to (a) the issuance by us of an aggregate of up to 19,999,967 shares of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”), consisting of (i) 6,666,666 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of 6,666,666 warrants issued in a private placement in connection with our initial public offering and (ii) 13,333,301 shares of our Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of 13,333,301 warrants issued in connection with our initial public offering (the “Public Warrants”) and (b) the resale from time to time by the selling stockholder identified in the Prospectus, or their permitted transferees, of an aggregate of up to 5,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. Capitalized terms used in this prospectus supplement and not otherwise defined herein have the meanings specified in the Prospectus.

This prospectus supplement is being filed to update, amend and supplement the information included in the Prospectus with the information contained in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 2, 2022, which is set forth below.

This prospectus supplement is not complete without the Prospectus. This prospectus supplement should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus, which is to be delivered with this prospectus supplement, and is qualified by reference thereto, except to the extent that the information in this prospectus supplement updates or supersedes the information contained in the Prospectus. Please keep this prospectus supplement with your Prospectus for future reference.

Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VRRM.” Our Public Warrants are quoted on OTC Pink under the symbol “VRRMW.” On November 1, 2022, the closing sale price per share of our Class A Common Stock was $16.75.

INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. SEE THE SECTION ENTITLED “RISK FACTORS” BEGINNING ON PAGE 4 OF THE PROSPECTUS TO READ ABOUT FACTORS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER BEFORE BUYING SHARES OF OUR CLASS A COMMON STOCK.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the securities to be issued under this prospectus or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is November 2, 2022.

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________.

Commission File Number: 001-37979

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		81-3563824
(State of		(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation)		Identification No.)

1150 North Alma School Road		85201
Mesa, Arizona		(Zip Code)
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(480) 443-7000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


(Title of Each Class)	(Trading Symbol)	(Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered)
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	VRRM	Nasdaq Capital Market
Warrants to purchase Class A Common Stock	VRRMW	OTC Pink Marketplace

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act:


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of October 31, 2022, there were 149,875,708 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding.

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION		5
Item 1. Financial Statements		5
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets		5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income		6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity		7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		9
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		11
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		34
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		46
Item 4. Controls and Procedures		46
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION		48
Item 1. Legal Proceedings		48
Item 1A. Risk Factors		48
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		48
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities		49
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures		49
Item 5. Other Information		49
Item 6. Exhibits		50
SIGNATURES		52

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, products, services, and technology offerings, market conditions, growth and trends, expansion plans and opportunities, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “potentially,” “preliminary,” “likely” and similar expressions, and the negative of these expressions, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements include, among other things:

•

risks and uncertainties related to our government contracts, including legislative changes, termination rights, delays in payments, audits and investigations;

•

customer concentration in our Commercial Services and Government Solutions segments;

•

disruption to our business and results of operations as a result of the novel coronavirus pandemic, including variant strains (“COVID-19”);

•

the impact of COVID-19 on our revenues from key customers in our Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions segments;

•

decreases in the prevalence of automated and other similar methods of photo enforcement, parking solutions or the use of tolling;

•

decreased interest in outsourcing from our customers;

•

our ability to properly perform under our contracts and otherwise satisfy our customers;

•

our ability to compete in a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market;

•

our ability to keep up with technological developments and changing customer preferences;

•

the success of our new products and changes to existing products and services;

•

our ability to successfully implement our acquisition strategy or integrate acquisitions;

•

failure in or breaches of our networks or systems, including as a result of cyber-attacks;

•

our ability to manage the risks, uncertainties and exposures related to our international operations;

•

our ability to acquire necessary intellectual property and adequately protect our existing intellectual property;

•

our ability to manage our substantial level of indebtedness;

•

our reliance on a limited number of third-party vendors and service providers;

•

our ability to maintain an effective system of internal controls;

•

risks and uncertainties related to our share repurchase program; and

•

risks and uncertainties related to litigation, disputes and regulatory investigations.

You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will occur. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the effect of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination

of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports, are available free of charge on our website, verramobility.com, under the heading “Investors” immediately after they are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. We use our Investor Relations website, ir.verramobility.com, as a means of disclosing information which may be of interest or material to our investors and for complying with disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Accordingly, investors should monitor our Investor Relations website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, webcasts, and social media. Information contained on or accessible through, including any reports available on, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or any other report or document we file with the SEC. Any reference to our website in this Form 10-Q is intended to be an inactive textual reference only.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Verra Mobility,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” as used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q refer to Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries taken as a whole.

Part I—Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)


($ in thousands, except per share data)	September 30, 2022			December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	51,576		$	101,283
Restricted cash		4,053			3,149
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $17.7 million and $12.1 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)		175,153			160,979
Unbilled receivables		32,784			29,109
Inventory, net		17,922			12,093
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		35,955			41,456
Total current assets		317,443			348,069
Installation and service parts, net		19,024			13,332
Property and equipment, net		105,268			96,066
Operating lease assets		36,399			38,862
Intangible assets, net		399,992			487,299
Goodwill		827,694			838,867
Other non-current assets		12,513			14,561
Total assets	$	1,718,333		$	1,837,056
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	69,135		$	67,556
Deferred revenue		32,758			27,141
Accrued liabilities		45,068			38,435
Tax receivable agreement liability, current portion		5,107			5,107
Current portion of long-term debt		9,019			36,952
Total current liabilities		161,087			175,191
Long-term debt, net of current portion		1,204,006			1,206,802
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		32,692			34,984
Tax receivable agreement liability, net of current portion		55,650			56,615
Private placement warrant liabilities		33,333			38,466
Asset retirement obligation		12,687			11,824
Deferred tax liabilities, net		18,635			47,524
Other long-term liabilities		5,352			5,686
Total liabilities		1,523,442			1,577,092
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value		—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value		15			16
Common stock contingent consideration		36,575			36,575
Additional paid-in capital		307,471			309,883
Accumulated deficit		(128,236	)		(81,416	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(20,934	)		(5,094	)
Total stockholders' equity		194,891			259,964
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,718,333		$	1,837,056

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
($ in thousands, except per share data)
Service revenue	$	180,617		$	141,811		$	516,253		$	348,000
Product sales		17,039			20,284			39,275			32,610
Total revenue		197,656			162,095			555,528			380,610
Cost of service revenue		4,144			1,412			11,636			3,624
Cost of product sales		11,317			9,391			25,638			15,562
Operating expenses		60,536			48,309			166,795			115,235
Selling, general and administrative expenses		41,126			31,580			122,913			86,252
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		35,035			29,529			105,881			84,806
Total costs and expenses		152,158			120,221			432,863			305,479
Income from operations		45,498			41,874			122,665			75,131
Interest expense, net		20,260			11,637			49,024			32,481
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		(2,267	)		(5,067	)		(5,133	)		5,067
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment		—			—			(965	)		1,661
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt		(3,005	)		—			(3,005	)		5,334
Other income, net		(2,462	)		(3,494	)		(9,367	)		(9,305	)
Total other expenses		12,526			3,076			30,554			35,238
Income before income taxes		32,972			38,798			92,111			39,893
Income tax provision		8,396			11,492			27,854			17,510
Net income	$	24,576		$	27,306		$	64,257		$	22,383
Other comprehensive loss:
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		(8,167	)		(3,818	)		(15,840	)		(3,657	)
Total comprehensive income	$	16,409		$	23,488		$	48,417		$	18,726
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.16		$	0.17		$	0.42		$	0.14
Diluted	$	0.15		$	0.14		$	0.38		$	0.14
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		151,429			159,358			154,067			161,334
Diluted		158,304			165,431			160,433			164,808

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)


For the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Common Stock						Common Stock Contingent		Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Total Stockholders'
(In thousands)	Shares			Amount			Consideration		Capital			Deficit			Loss			Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2021		156,079		$	16		$	36,575	$	309,883		$	(81,416	)	$	(5,094	)	$	259,964
Net income		—			—			—		—			10,040			—			10,040
Vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs")		154			—			—		—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		7			—			—		93			—			—			93
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—			—			—		(1,436	)		—			—			(1,436	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—		4,446			—			—			4,446
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		—			—			—		—			—			2,708			2,708
Balance as of March 31, 2022		156,240			16			36,575		312,986			(71,376	)		(2,386	)		275,815
Net income		—			—			—		—			29,641			—			29,641
Share repurchases and retirement		(3,076	)		(1	)		—		(6,163	)		(49,117	)		—			(55,281	)
Vesting of RSUs		51			—			—		—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		5			—			—		66			—			—			66
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—			—			—		(203	)		—			—			(203	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—		4,566			—			—			4,566
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—			—			—		—			—			(10,381	)		(10,381	)
Balance as of June 30, 2022		153,220			15			36,575		311,252			(90,852	)		(12,767	)		244,223
Net income		—			—			—		—			24,576			—			24,576
Share repurchases and retirement		(3,855	)		—			—		(7,830	)		(61,960	)		—			(69,790	)
Vesting of RSUs		122			—			—		—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		64			—			—		838			—			—			838
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—			—			—		(1,433	)		—			—			(1,433	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—		4,644			—			—			4,644
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—			—			—		—			—			(8,167	)		(8,167	)
Balance as of September 30, 2022		149,551		$	15		$	36,575	$	307,471		$	(128,236	)	$	(20,934	)	$	194,891

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)

(Unaudited)


For the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021

	Common Stock					Common Stock Contingent		Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Total Stockholders'
(In thousands)	Shares			Amount		Consideration		Capital			Deficit			Income (Loss)			Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2020		162,269		$	16	$	36,575	$	373,620		$	(94,850	)	$	211		$	315,572
Net loss		—			—		—		—			(8,915	)		—			(8,915	)
Vesting of RSUs		91			—		—		—			—			—			—
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—			—		—		(857	)		—			—			(857	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—		2,908			—			—			2,908
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—			—		—		—			—			(190	)		(190	)
Balance as of March 31, 2021		162,360			16		36,575		375,671			(103,765	)		21			308,518
Net income		—			—		—		—			3,992			—			3,992
Vesting of RSUs		41			—		—		—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		7			—		—		87			—			—			87
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—			—		—		(96	)		—			—			(96	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—		3,573			—			—			3,573
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		—			—		—		—			—			351			351
Balance as of June 30, 2021		162,408			16		36,575		379,235			(99,773	)		372			316,425
Net income		—			—		—		—			27,306			—			27,306
Share repurchase and retirement		(6,849	)		—		—		(71,985	)		(28,015	)		—			(100,000	)
Vesting of RSUs		3			—		—		—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		2			—		—		21			—			—			21
Adjustment to employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—			—		—		29			—			—			29
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—		3,703			—			—			3,703
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—			—		—		—			—			(3,818	)		(3,818	)
Balance as of September 30, 2021		155,564		$	16	$	36,575	$	311,003		$	(100,482	)	$	(3,446	)	$	243,666

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

condensed consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2022			2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	64,257		$	22,383
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		105,294			84,756
Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts		4,122			3,854
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		(5,133	)		5,067
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment		(965	)		1,661
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt		(3,005	)		5,334
Credit loss expense		10,892			6,716
Deferred income taxes		(17,310	)		(8,677	)
Stock-based compensation		13,656			10,184
Other		624			238
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(25,846	)		(5,442	)
Unbilled receivables		(4,205	)		(5,655	)
Inventory, net		(9,056	)		373
Prepaid expenses and other assets		8,405			(5,387	)
Deferred revenue		6,291			1,260
Accounts payable and other current liabilities		(1,978	)		14,336
Other liabilities		2,733			(1,717	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		148,776			129,284
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Acquisition of business, net of cash and restricted cash acquired		—			(107,004	)
Partial payment of contingent consideration		(647	)		—
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment		(35,927	)		(15,633	)
Cash proceeds from the sale of assets		140			225
Net cash used in investing activities		(36,434	)		(122,412	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Repayment on the revolver		(25,000	)		—
Borrowings of long-term debt		—			996,750
Repayment of long-term debt		(6,764	)		(882,905	)
Payment of debt issuance costs		(410	)		(6,628	)
Payment of debt extinguishment costs		—			(1,066	)
Share repurchases and retirement		(125,071	)		(100,000	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		997			108
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		(3,072	)		(924	)
Settlement of contingent consideration		(205	)		—
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(159,525	)		5,335
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(1,620	)		(1,907	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(48,803	)		10,300
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period		104,432			120,892
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period	$	55,629		$	131,192

Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	51,576		$	128,247
Restricted cash		4,053			2,945
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	55,629		$	131,192

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

(Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	40,068	$	18,803
Income taxes paid, net of refunds		43,455		14,503
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at period-end		6,420		1,910
Additions related to asset retirement obligations and property and equipment		715		1,314

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

Notes to the CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Description of Business

Verra Mobility Corporation (collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or “Verra Mobility”), formerly known as Gores Holdings II, Inc. (“Gores”), was originally incorporated in Delaware on August 15, 2016, as a special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On January 19, 2017, the Company consummated its initial public offering, following which its shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). On June 21, 2018, Gores entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”) with Greenlight Holding II Corporation, PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC (the “Platinum Stockholder”), AM Merger Sub I, Inc., a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Gores and AM Merger Sub II, LLC, a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Gores. On October 17, 2018, the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement (the “Business Combination”) were consummated. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Gores changed its name to Verra Mobility Corporation. As a result of the Business Combination, Verra Mobility Corporation became the owner, directly or indirectly, of all of the equity interests of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries.

Verra Mobility offers integrated technology solutions and services to its customers who are located throughout the world, primarily within the United States, Australia, Canada and Europe. The Company is organized into three operating segments: Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions (see Note 15. Segment Reporting).

The Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions for the commercial fleet and rental car industries by partnering with the leading fleet management and rental car companies in North America. Electronic toll payment services enable fleet drivers and rental car customers to use high-speed cashless toll lanes or all-electronic cashless toll roads. The service helps commercial fleets reduce toll management costs, while it provides rental car companies with a revenue-generating, value-added service for their customers. Electronic violation processing services reduce the cost and risk associated with vehicle-issued violations, such as toll, parking or camera-enforced tickets. Title and registration services offer title and registration processing for individuals, rental car companies and fleet management companies. In Europe, the Company provides violations processing through Euro Parking Collection plc and consumer tolling services through Pagatelia S.L.

The Government Solutions segment offers photo enforcement solutions and services to its customers. Through its acquisition of Redflex Holdings Limited (“Redflex”) in June 2021, the Company expanded its current footprint in the United States and gained access to international markets. The Government Solutions segment provides complete, end-to-end speed, red-light, school bus stop arm and bus lane enforcement solutions within the United States and Canada. These programs are designed to reduce traffic violations and resulting collisions, injuries, and fatalities. The Company implements and administers traffic safety programs for municipalities, counties, school districts and law enforcement agencies of all sizes. The international operations acquired through Redflex primarily involve the sale of traffic enforcement products and related maintenance services.

The Parking Solutions segment offers an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers, which include universities, municipalities, parking operators, healthcare facilities and transportation hubs. The Company added this new operating segment as a result of the acquisition of T2 Systems Parent Corporation (“T2 Systems”) on December 7, 2021, which allowed the Company to diversify its operations into the parking solutions space (see Note 3. Acquisitions). The Parking Solutions segment develops specialized hardware and parking management software that provides a platform for the issuance of parking permits, enforcement, gateless vehicle counting, event parking and citation services. T2 Systems also produces and markets its proprietary software as a service to its customers throughout the United States and Canada.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are normal and recurring in nature, necessary for fair financial statement presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions include those related to the fair values assigned to net assets acquired (including identifiable intangibles) in business combinations, revenue recognition, inventory valuation, allowance for credit losses, fair value of the private placement warrant liabilities, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, impairment assessments of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, asset retirement obligations, contingent consideration and the recognition and measurement of loss contingencies.

Management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Significant customers are those which represent more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue or accounts receivable, net. Revenue from the single Government Solutions customer exceeding 10% of total revenue is presented below:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
City of New York Department of Transportation		20.5	%		25.5	%		19.5	%		25.6	%

The City of New York Department of Transportation (“NYCDOT”) represented 29% and 39% of total accounts receivable, net as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. There is no material reserve related to NYCDOT open receivables as amounts are deemed collectible based on current conditions and expectations. No other Government Solutions customer exceeded 10% of total accounts receivable, net as of any period presented.

Significant customer revenues generated through the Company’s Commercial Services partners as a percent of total revenue are presented below:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
Hertz Corporation		12.6	%		12.9	%		11.8	%		13.2	%
Avis Budget Group, Inc.		13.9	%		13.5	%		12.9	%		12.8	%
Enterprise Holdings, Inc.		10.3	%		10.9	%		9.7	%		12.4	%

No Commercial Services customer exceeded 10% of total accounts receivable, net as of any period presented.

There were no significant customer concentrations that exceeded 10% of total revenue or accounts receivables, net for the Parking Solutions segment.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company reviews historical credit losses and customer payment trends on receivables and develops loss rate estimates as of the balance sheet date, which includes adjustments for current and future expectations using probability-weighted assumptions about potential outcomes. Receivables are written off against the allowance for credit losses when it is probable that amounts will not be collected based on the terms of the customer contracts, and subsequent recoveries reverse the previous write-off and apply to the receivable in the period recovered. No interest or late fees are charged on delinquent accounts. The Company evaluates the adequacy of its allowance for expected credit losses by comparing its actual write-offs to its previously recorded estimates and adjusts appropriately.

The Company identified portfolio segments based on the type of business, industry in which the customer operates and historical credit loss patterns. The following presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively:


($ in thousands)	Commercial Services (Driver-billed) (1)			Commercial Services (All other)			Government Solutions			Parking Solutions			Total
Balance at January 1, 2022	$	5,397		$	3,092		$	3,649		$	—		$	12,138
Credit loss expense		8,867			835			694			496			10,892
Write-offs, net of recoveries		(2,810	)		(2,089	)		(26	)		(430	)		(5,355	)
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	11,454		$	1,838		$	4,317		$	66		$	17,675


($ in thousands)	Commercial Services (Driver-billed) (1)			Commercial Services (All other)			Government Solutions			Total
Balance at January 1, 2021	$	3,210		$	4,277		$	3,984		$	11,471
Credit loss expense		7,944			(820	)		(408	)		6,716
Write-offs, net of recoveries		(3,446	)		(45	)		(21	)		(3,512	)
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	7,708		$	3,412		$	3,555		$	14,675

(1)

Driver-billed consists of receivables from drivers of rental cars and fleet management companies for which the Company bills on behalf of its customers. Receivables not collected from drivers within a defined number of days are transferred to customers subject to applicable bad debt sharing agreements.

The Commercial Services (Driver-billed) portfolio segment’s credit loss estimate as of September 30, 2022 increased compared to the prior year due to increased revenue that impacted the volume of transactions as a result of recovery from COVID-19. The Commercial Services (All other) portfolio segment's credit loss estimate decreased at September 30, 2022 mainly due to a $1.7 million write-off for a rental car customer who filed for bankruptcy.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue represents amounts that have been invoiced in advance and are expected to be recognized as revenue in future periods, and it primarily relates to Government Solutions and Parking Solutions customers. The Company had approximately $9.8 million and $8.9 million of deferred revenue in the Government Solutions segment as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The majority of the remaining performance obligations as of September 30, 2022 are expected to be completed and recognized as revenue in the next 12 months and $3.2 million is expected to be recognized between 2023 through 2027. The Company had approximately $25.6 million and $20.9 million of deferred revenue in the Parking Solutions segment as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The majority of the remaining performance obligations as of September 30, 2022 are expected to be completed and recognized as revenue in the next 12 months and $0.6 million is expected to be recognized in 2023.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted

In May 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options. This ASU provides guidance for a modification or an exchange of a freestanding equity-classified written call option that is not within the scope of another topic. It specifically addresses the measurement and recognition of the effect of a modification of the terms or conditions or an exchange of a freestanding equity-classified written call option if it remains equity-classified after the modification or exchange. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2022, which did not have an impact on its financial statements and related disclosures, as the Company had no transactions subject to the standard. If the Company were to have modifications or exchanges in the future, such guidance would apply.

In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, to increase transparency in financial reporting by requiring business entities to disclose information about certain types of government assistance they receive. The amendments require annual disclosures regarding the nature of any transactions with a government accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy and the related accounting policy used, the effect of the assistance on the entity’s financial statements, and the significant terms and conditions of the transactions. The Company adopted the ASU as of January 1, 2022, which did not have a material impact on its financial statements or related disclosures.

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The ASU provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. It provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, which clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. The amendments are effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022, to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period.

Under the terms of the 2021 Term Loan (as defined below) discussed in Note 7. Long-term Debt, in the event there is a benchmark transition away from LIBOR, a benchmark replacement rate has been defined in the 2021 Term Loan agreement along with the mechanism for such a transition to take place. The Company does not anticipate this transition will have a material impact on its financial statements.

On June 30, 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The ASU clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. It also requires entities with investments in equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions to disclose certain qualitative and quantitative information about such securities. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, including interim periods beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statements.

3. Acquisitions

T2 Systems Acquisition

On December 7, 2021, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of T2 Systems, which offers an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers. This acquisition supports the Company’s strategy to expand and diversify into new markets within the mobility sector. The Company has included the financial results of T2 Systems in the financial statements from the date of acquisition, and reported within the Parking Solutions segment.

The Company paid a purchase price of $353.2 million. Transaction costs for T2 Systems were $3.4 million, which primarily related to professional fees and other expenses related to the acquisition.

The allocation of the preliminary purchase consideration is summarized as follows:


($ in thousands)
Assets acquired
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,866
Restricted cash		228
Accounts receivable		9,673
Unbilled receivables		2,153
Inventory		7,467
Property and equipment		3,336
Prepaid and other assets		7,477
Trademark		3,200
Customer relationships		164,300
Developed technology		19,300
Total assets acquired		231,000

Liabilities assumed
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		10,379
Deferred revenue		21,253
Deferred tax liability		37,129
Other liabilities		4,228
Total liabilities assumed		72,989
Goodwill		195,226
Total assets acquired and liabilities assumed	$	353,237

Goodwill consists largely of the expected cash flows and future growth anticipated for the Company and was assigned to the Company’s Parking Solutions segment. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The preliminary customer relationships value was based on the multi-period excess earnings methodology utilizing projected cash flows. The significant assumptions used to value customer relationships included, among others, customer upsell and churn rates, forecasted revenue growth rates attributable to existing customers, forecasted EBITDA margins and the discount rate. The preliminary values for the trademark and the developed technology related assets were based on a relief-from-royalty method. The significant assumptions used to value these intangible assets included, among others, forecasted revenue growth rates, royalty rates and the expected obsolescence curve. The trademark, customer relationships and the developed technology related assets were assigned preliminary useful lives of 10.0 years, 10.0 years, and 6.1 years, respectively.

As of September 30, 2022, the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is preliminary. The primary areas that remain preliminary relate to the fair values of unbilled receivables, intangible assets acquired, deferred revenue, legal and other contingencies as of the acquisition date, income and non-income based taxes and residual goodwill. The Company expects to finalize the valuation as soon as practicable, but not later than one year from the acquisition date.

NuPark Acquisition

On December 13, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of NuPark (“NuPark”), a provider of parking services and permit management product platform from Passport Labs, Inc., which expanded the Company’s presence in the United States in the Parking Solutions segment. The acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred to Passport Labs, Inc. was approximately $7.0 million, which consisted primarily of $5.0 million of cash paid at closing and $1.5 million of contingent consideration payable. The Company recorded $0.3 million of tangible assets, $4.9 million of customer relationships intangible assets valued using a multi-period excess earnings methodology, with an estimated useful life of 10.0 years, and $1.3 million of assumed liabilities, which was primarily deferred revenue. Goodwill recorded was $3.2 million for future growth anticipated for the Company and is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The Company has included the financial results of NuPark in the financial statements from the date of acquisition, which were not material. The transaction costs for the acquisition were not material.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company made payments that totaled approximately $0.9 million to settle in full the contingent consideration payable to Passport Labs Inc, and as a result, the Company adjusted the customer relationships intangible assets' value by reducing it $0.6 million to $4.3 million.

4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following at:


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Prepaid services	$	9,982	$	8,643
Prepaid tolls		9,810		7,539
Prepaid income taxes		7,069		5,324
Prepaid computer maintenance		3,689		3,742
Deposits		1,811		6,742
Costs to fulfill a customer contract		1,415		3,364
Prepaid supplies		1,080		1,712
Other		1,099		4,390
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	35,955	$	41,456

5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:


	Commercial			Government			Parking
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			Solutions		Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	425,081		$	215,400		$	198,386	$	838,867
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(9,652	)		(1,521	)		—		(11,173	)
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	415,429		$	213,879		$	198,386	$	827,694

Intangible assets consist of the following as of the respective period-ends:


	September 30, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Weighted						Weighted
	Average	Gross					Average	Gross
	Remaining	Carrying			Accumulated		Remaining	Carrying			Accumulated
($ in thousands)	Useful Life	Amount			Amortization		Useful Life	Amount			Amortization
Trademarks	0.4 years	$	36,006		$	31,973	0.5 years	$	36,225		$	31,429
Non-compete agreements	0.3 years		62,492			58,475	1.0 years		62,555			49,982
Customer relationships	5.8 years		555,010			210,586	6.5 years		561,767			167,255
Developed technology	1.4 years		200,237			152,719	2.2 years		202,768			127,350
Gross carrying value of intangible assets			853,745		$	453,753			863,315		$	376,016
Less: accumulated amortization			(453,753	)					(376,016	)
Intangible assets, net		$	399,992					$	487,299

Amortization expense was $26.6 million and $22.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and was $81.0 million and $66.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Estimated amortization expense in future years is expected to be:


($ in thousands)
Remainder of 2022	$	24,966
2023		76,953
2024		66,469
2025		63,771
2026		56,784
Thereafter		111,049
Total	$	399,992

6. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following at:


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accrued salaries and wages	$	11,440	$	15,744
Accrued interest payable		9,057		4,209
Current deferred tax liabilities		7,987		—
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		5,777		5,760
Restricted cash due to customers		3,695		3,062
Payroll liabilities		1,946		1,876
Advanced deposits		1,655		2,554
Other		3,511		5,230
Total accrued liabilities	$	45,068	$	38,435

7. Long-term Debt

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s long-term debt at:


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2022			December 31, 2021
2021 Term Loan, due 2028	$	888,361		$	895,125
Senior Notes, due 2029		350,000			350,000
PPP Loan		—			2,933
Revolver		—			25,000
Less: original issue discounts		(5,916	)		(6,753	)
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs		(19,420	)		(22,551	)
Total long-term debt		1,213,025			1,243,754
Less: current portion of long-term debt		(9,019	)		(36,952	)
Total long-term debt, net of current portion	$	1,204,006		$	1,206,802

2021 Term Loan and Senior Notes

In March 2021, VM Consolidated entered into an Amendment and Restatement Agreement No.1 to the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “2021 Term Loan”) with a syndicate of lenders. The 2021 Term Loan has an aggregate borrowing of $650.0 million, maturing on March 26, 2028, and an accordion feature providing for an additional $250.0 million of term loans, subject to satisfaction of certain requirements. In connection with the 2021 Term Loan, the Company had an offering discount cost of $3.3 million and $0.7 million of deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan.

In addition, in March 2021, VM Consolidated issued an aggregate principal amount of $350 million in Senior Unsecured Notes (the “Senior Notes”), due on April 15, 2029. In connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes, the Company incurred $5.7 million in lender and third-party costs, which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Senior Notes.

The net proceeds from both the 2021 Term Loan and the Senior Notes were used in March 2021 to repay in full all outstanding debt which was represented by the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (as amended, the “2018 Term Loan”) with a balance of $865.6 million.

On December 7, 2021, VM Consolidated entered into an agreement to exercise the accordion feature under the 2021 Term Loan, borrowing $250.0 million in incremental term loans (“Incremental Term Loan”). The proceeds from the Incremental Term Loan were used, along with cash on hand, to fund the acquisition of T2 Systems, including repayment in full all outstanding debt for T2 Systems. In connection with the Incremental Term Loan, the Company had an offering discount cost of $1.3 million and $3.8 million of deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan. The Incremental Term Loan accrued interest from the date of borrowing until December 31, 2021, at which time, it was combined with the 2021 Term Loan to be a single tranche of term loan borrowings. The total

principal outstanding under the 2021 Term Loan, which includes the Incremental Term Loan, was $888.4 million at September 30, 2022.

The 2021 Term Loan is repayable at 1.0% per annum of the amount initially borrowed, paid in quarterly installments. It bears interest based, at the Company’s option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.25% per annum. As of September 30, 2022, the interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan was 6.1%.

In addition, the 2021 Term Loan requires mandatory prepayments equal to the product of the excess cash flows of the Company (as defined in the 2021 Term Loan agreement) and the applicable prepayment percentages (calculated as of the last day of the fiscal year, beginning with the year ending December 31, 2022), as set forth in the following table:


Consolidated First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (As Defined by the 2021 Term Loan Agreement)		Applicable Prepayment Percentage
> 3.70:1.00		50%
< 3.70:1.00 and > 3.20:1.00		25%
< 3.20:1.00		0%

Interest on the Senior Notes is fixed at 5.50% per annum and is payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year. On or after April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem all or a portion of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices set forth below in percentages by year, plus accrued and unpaid interest:


Year		Percentage
2024		102.750%
2025		101.375%
2026 and thereafter		100.000%

In addition, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes before April 15, 2024, with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings.

The Company evaluated the March 2021 refinancing transactions on a lender-by-lender basis and accounted for the portion of the transaction that did not meet the accounting criteria for debt extinguishment as a debt modification. Accordingly, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $5.3 million on the 2018 Term Loan during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 consisting of a $4.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts and $1.3 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the 2021 Term Loan.

PPP Loan

During fiscal year 2020, Redflex received a $2.9 million loan from the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) as part of the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP Loan”) to offset certain employment and other allowable costs incurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In early 2021, Redflex applied for forgiveness of this loan, and on September 23, 2022, the Company was notified by the SBA that the loan, together with accrued interest, had been fully forgiven under the provisions of the PPP Loan program. Accordingly, the Company recognized a $3.0 million gain on extinguishment of debt in the consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The Revolver

The Company has a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”) with a commitment of up to $75.0 million available for loans and letters of credit. The Revolver matures on December 20, 2026. Borrowing eligibility under the Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. The Revolver bears interest on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) LIBOR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on the Company’s average availability to borrow under the commitment. At December 31, 2021, the Company had $25.0 million in outstanding borrowings on the Revolver, which was repaid in full in January 2022. At September 30, 2022, the availability to borrow was $72.1 million, net of $0.2 million of outstanding letters of credit.

Interest on the unused portion of the Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375% and the Company is also required to pay participation and fronting fees at 1.38% on $0.2 million of outstanding letters of credit as of September 30, 2022.

All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the 2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material respects of representations and warranties. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are pledged as collateral to secure the Company’s indebtedness under the 2021 Term Loan. At September 30, 2022, the Company was compliant with all debt covenants.

Interest Expense

The Company recorded interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts, of $20.3 million and $11.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $49.0 million and $32.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The weighted average effective interest rates on the Company’s outstanding borrowings were 5.9% and 4.1% at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

8. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, includes a single definition of fair value to be used for financial reporting purposes, provides a framework for applying this definition and for measuring fair value under GAAP, and establishes a fair value hierarchy that categorizes into three levels the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows:

Level 1 – Fair value is based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Fair value is determined using quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 – Fair value is determined using one or more significant inputs that are unobservable in active markets at the measurement date, such as a pricing model, discounted cash flow, or similar technique.

The carrying amounts reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to the immediate to short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The estimated fair value of the Company’s long-term debt was calculated based upon available market information. The carrying value and the estimated fair value are as follows:


	Level in	September 30, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Fair Value	Carrying		Estimated		Carrying		Estimated
($ in thousands)	Hierarchy	Amount		Fair Value		Amount		Fair Value
2021 Term Loan	2	$	867,587	$	875,035	$	871,467	$	895,125
Senior Notes	2		345,438		308,000		344,918		355,250
Revolver	2		—		—		24,435		25,000

The fair value of the private placement warrant liabilities is measured on a recurring basis and is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using significant unobservable inputs, primarily related to estimated volatility, and is therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The key assumptions used were as follows:


	September 30, 2022			December 31, 2021
Stock price	$	15.37		$	15.43
Strike price	$	11.50		$	11.50
Volatility		41.0	%		48.0	%
Remaining life (in years)		1.1			1.8
Risk-free interest rate		4.06	%		0.66	%
Expected dividend yield		0.0	%		0.0	%
Estimated fair value	$	5.00		$	5.77

The Company is exposed to valuation risk on these Level 3 financial instruments. The risk of exposure is estimated using a sensitivity analysis of potential changes in the significant unobservable inputs, primarily the volatility input that is the most

susceptible to valuation risk. A 5.0% increase to the volatility input at September 30, 2022 would increase the estimated fair value by $0.19 per unit. A 5.0% decrease to the volatility input at September 30, 2022 would decrease the estimated fair value by $0.18 per unit. The following summarizes the changes in fair value of private placement warrant liabilities included in net income for the respective periods:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2022			2021			2022			2021
Beginning balance	$	35,600		$	41,000		$	38,466		$	30,866
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		(2,267	)		(5,067	)		(5,133	)		5,067
Ending balance	$	33,333		$	35,933		$	33,333		$	35,933

The Company has an equity investment measured at cost of $3.2 million and is only adjusted to fair value if there are identified events that would indicate a need for an upward or downward adjustment or changes in circumstances that may indicate impairment. The estimation of fair value requires the use of significant unobservable inputs, such as voting rights and obligations in the securities held, and is therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. There were no identified events that required a fair value adjustment as of September 30, 2022.

The fair value of the contingent consideration payable in connection with the NuPark acquisition was $1.5 million at December 13, 2021 acquisition date and was classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The valuation of the contingent consideration was measured using a discounted cash flow model and the significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement relate to forecasts of annualized revenue developed by the Company. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company made payments that totaled approximately $0.9 million to settle in full the contingent consideration payable to Passport Labs Inc.

9. Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net income per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method.

The components of basic and diluted net income per share are as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Numerator:
Net income	$	24,576	$	27,306	$	64,257	$	22,383
Denominator:
Weighted average shares - basic		151,429		159,358		154,067		161,334
Common stock equivalents		6,875		6,073		6,366		3,474
Weighted average shares - diluted		158,304		165,431		160,433		164,808
Net income per share - basic	$	0.16	$	0.17	$	0.42	$	0.14
Net income per share - diluted	$	0.15	$	0.14	$	0.38	$	0.14
Antidilutive shares excluded from diluted net income per share:
Contingently issuable shares (1)		5,000		5,000		5,000		5,000
Public warrants		—		—		—		—
Private placement warrants		—		—		—		6,667
Non-qualified stock options		1,110		929		1,224		1,075
Performance share units		—		12		166		142
Restricted stock units		51		82		1,020		531
Total antidilutive shares excluded		6,161		6,023		7,410		13,415

(1) Contingently issuable shares relate to the earn-out agreement as discussed in Note 13, Other Significant Transactions.

10. Income Taxes

The Company’s interim income tax provision is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items arising in that period. The estimated annual effective tax rate requires judgment and is dependent upon several factors. The Company provides for income taxes under the liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements.

The Company provides a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that these items will expire before the Company is able to realize their benefit. The Company calculates the valuation allowance in accordance with the authoritative guidance relating to income taxes, which requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets, when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.

The Company’s effective income tax rate was 25.5% and 29.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and 30.2% and 43.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The primary driver for the effective tax rate variance in the nine-month period is the increase in pre-tax income combined with the permanent differences related to the mark-to-market adjustment on the private placement warrants and the adjustment to the carrying value of the Company's tax receivable agreement.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits increased by $8.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to prior year tax positions associated with the Redflex acquisition. As of September 30, 2022, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $11.2 million, of which $2.8 million would affect our effective tax rate if recognized. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits through income tax expense. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had $0.2 million accrued for the payment of interest and penalties. We believe that it is reasonably possible that a decrease of up to $8.0 million in unrecognized tax benefits related to the Redflex acquisition may be necessary within the coming year, which will not have an impact to the statements of operations.

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which, among other things, implements a 15% minimum tax on book income of certain large corporations, a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases and several tax incentives to promote clean energy. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of this legislation to the financial statements but does not expect them to be material.

Effective January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 requires taxpayers to capitalize, and subsequently amortize R&D expenses over five years for research activities conducted in the U.S. and over fifteen years for research activities conducted outside of the U.S. This will result in an increase to our U.S. income tax liability and net deferred tax assets. The actual impact will depend on multiple factors, including the amount of R&D expenses incurred and whether the research activities are performed within or outside of the U.S. The Company has evaluated the impacts of this change to the financial statements and noted them not to be material.

The Company is subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. The Company files U.S. federal and various foreign income tax returns which are subject to examination by the taxing authorities in the respective jurisdictions, generally for three or four years after they are filed. The Company’s state income tax returns are generally no longer subject to income tax examination by tax authorities prior to 2018; however, the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards and research credit carryforwards arising prior to that year are subject to adjustment. The Company is currently under audit by various state tax jurisdictions for the years 2018 and 2019, however, no material adjustments are anticipated. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of tax deficiencies in each of the tax jurisdictions and, accordingly, makes appropriate adjustments to the tax provision as deemed necessary.

11. Stockholders’ Equity

Share Repurchases and Retirement - 2022

On May 7, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $125.0 million of its outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock over the next twelve months from time to time in open market transactions, accelerated share repurchases (“ASR”) or in privately negotiated transactions, each as permitted under applicable rules and regulations, any of which may use pre-arranged trading plans that are designed to meet the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”).

On May 12, 2022, the Company paid $50.0 million, which represented the amount initially authorized for an ASR, and received an initial delivery of 2,739,726 shares of its Class A Common Stock in accordance with an ASR agreement with a third-party financial institution. The final settlement occurred on August 3, 2022, at which time, the Company received 445,086 additional shares calculated using a volume-weighted average price over the term of the ASR agreement.

In addition, the Company paid $6.9 million to repurchase 445,791 shares of its Class A Common Stock through open market transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which it subsequently retired. The Company discontinued open market repurchases during the third quarter of 2022 and its Board of Directors authorized an ASR for the remaining availability under the share repurchase program. On August 19, 2022, the Company paid $68.1 million for a second ASR, and received an initial delivery of 3,300,000 shares of its Class A Common Stock in accordance with an ASR agreement with a third-party financial institution. The final settlement is expected to occur during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022, at which time, a volume-weighted average price calculation over the term of the ASR agreement will be used to determine the final number and the average price of shares repurchased and retired. The Company accounted for each ASR transaction as a common stock repurchase and a forward contract indexed to its own common stock. The Company determined that the equity classification criteria was met for the forward contracts, therefore, it did not account for them as derivative instruments. The Company incurred $0.1 million of direct costs in connection with share repurchase transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which it included in the cost of the shares acquired.

The Company paid a total of $125.0 million for shares repurchases and $0.1 million for direct costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and accounted for the transactions by deducting the par value from the common stock account, reducing $14.0 million from additional paid-in capital calculated using an average share price, and by increasing accumulated deficit for the remaining cost of $111.1 million.

Share Repurchase and Retirement - 2021

On August 9, 2021, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $100 million of its outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. On August 20, 2021, the Company repurchased and retired 6,849,315 shares of its Class A Common Stock from the Platinum Stockholder at a price per share of $14.60. The Company paid $100 million to fund the share repurchase using existing cash on hand. The Company accounted for the share repurchase and retirement under the cost method by deducting its par value from the common stock account, reducing $72.0 million from the additional paid-in-capital account using the share price when the stock was originally issued, and the remaining excess cost of $28.0 million by increasing the accumulated deficit account.

12. Stock-Based Compensation

The following details the components of stock-based compensation for the respective periods:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Operating expenses	$	331	$	179	$	829	$	621
Selling, general and administrative expenses		4,313		3,524		12,827		9,563
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	4,644	$	3,703	$	13,656	$	10,184

The increase in stock-based compensation expense of $3.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is primarily due to approximately $2.0 million related to accelerated vesting of RSUs granted to two executive officers as part of their separation agreements, and the remaining due to increased stock-based compensation as a result of 2021 acquisitions.

13. Other Significant Transactions

Tax Receivable Agreement

At the closing of the Business Combination, the Company entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement (“TRA”) with the Platinum Stockholder. On August 3, 2022, the Platinum Stockholder sold and transferred to Lakeside Smart Holdco L.P.(“Lakeside”), all of its rights, remaining interests and obligations as of that date under the TRA. The TRA provides for the payment to Lakeside of 50.0% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the Company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination as a result of the increased tax basis of certain acquired intangibles prior to the Business Combination. The Company generally retains the benefit of the remaining 50.0% of these cash savings. The Company estimated the potential maximum benefit to be paid will be approximately $70.0 million, and recorded an initial liability and corresponding charge to equity at the closing of the Business Combination. Subsequently, the Company made adjustments to this amount.

At September 30, 2022, the TRA liability was approximately $60.8 million of which $5.1 million was the current portion and $55.7 million was the non-current portion, both of which are included in the respective tax receivable agreement liability line items on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The Company recorded a $1.0 million benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and a $1.7 million charge for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The TRA liability adjustment in 2022 is arising from lower estimated state tax rates due to changes in apportionment, whereas in 2021 it is arising from higher estimated state tax rates due to changes in statutory rates.

Earn-Out Agreement

Under the Merger Agreement, the Platinum Stockholder is entitled to receive additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Shares”) if the volume weighted average closing sale price of one share of Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq exceeds certain thresholds for a period of at least 10 days out of 20 consecutive trading days at any time during the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination (the “Common Stock Price”).

The Earn-Out Shares are issued by the Company to the Platinum Stockholder as follows:


Common Stock Price Thresholds		One-time Issuance of Shares
> $13.00 (a)		2,500,000
> $15.50 (a)		2,500,000
> $18.00		2,500,000
> $20.50		2,500,000

(a)

The first and second tranches of Earn-Out Shares have been issued, as discussed below.

If any of the Common Stock Price thresholds above (each, a “Triggering Event”) are not achieved within the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company will not be required to issue the Earn-Out Shares in respect of such Common Stock Price threshold. In no event shall the Platinum Stockholder be entitled to receive more than an aggregate of 10,000,000 Earn-Out Shares.

If, during the earn-out period, there is a change of control (as defined in the Merger Agreement) that will result in the holders of the Company’s Class A Common Stock receiving a per share price equal to or in excess of the applicable Common Stock Price required in connection with any Triggering Event, then immediately prior to the consummation of such change of control: (a) any such Triggering Event that has not previously occurred shall be deemed to have occurred; and (b) the Company shall issue the applicable Earn-Out Shares to the cash consideration stockholders (as defined in the Merger Agreement) (in accordance with their respective pro rata cash share), and the recipients of the issued Earn-Out Shares shall be eligible to participate in such change of control.

The Company estimated the original fair value of the contingently issuable shares to be $73.15 million, of which $36.6 million remains contingently issuable as of September 30, 2022. The estimated value is not subject to future revisions during the five-year period discussed above. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to arrive at its original estimate. Each tranche was valued separately giving specific consideration to the tranche’s price target. The simulation considered volatility and risk-free rates utilizing a peer group based on a five-year term. This was initially recorded as a distribution to shareholders and was presented as common stock contingent consideration. Upon the occurrence of a Triggering

Event, any issuable shares would be transferred from common stock contingent consideration to common stock and additional paid-in capital accounts. Any contingently issuable shares not issued as a result of a Triggering Event not being attained by the end of the earn-out period will be canceled.

On April 26, 2019 and on January 27, 2020, the Triggering Events for the issuance of the first and second tranches of Earn-Out Shares occurred, as the volume weighted average closing sale price per share of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as of that date had been greater than $13.00 and $15.50, respectively, for 10 out of 20 consecutive trading days. These Triggering Events resulted in the issuance of an aggregate 5,000,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock to the Platinum Stockholder and an increase in the Company’s common stock and additional paid-in capital accounts of $36.6 million, with a corresponding decrease to the common stock contingent consideration account. At September 30, 2022, the potential future Earn-Out Shares issuable are between zero and 5.0 million.

Related Party Equity Investment

Redflex Irish Investments Pty Ltd, a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, owns a 16% non-voting equity interest in Road Safety Operations Holdings Unlimited, which has a subsidiary, Road Safety Operations Holdings T/A Go Safe Ireland (“Go Safe”), which provides speed and traffic enforcement services and related equipment to its customers in Ireland. This investment was approximately $3.2 million and $3.7 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and is presented within other non-current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company is engaged as a vendor to supply equipment and services to Go Safe and related revenues earned were approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively and $0.8 million and $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The dividend income received for this investment in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $0.2 million.

14. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company has $1.7 million of bank guarantees at September 30, 2022 required to support bids and contracts with certain international customers.

The Company has non-cancelable purchase commitments to certain vendors. The aggregate non-cancelable purchase commitments outstanding at September 30, 2022 were $39.3 million. The majority of these outstanding commitments are expected to be incurred in 2022 and 2023, and approximately $1.3 million is expected to be incurred between 2024 and 2025.

The Company is subject to tax audits in the normal course of business and does not have material contingencies recorded related to such audits.

The Company accrues for claims and contingencies when losses become probable and reasonably estimable. As of the end of each applicable reporting period, the Company reviews each of its matters and, where it is probable that a liability has been or will be incurred, the Company accrues for all probable and reasonably estimable losses. Where the Company can reasonably estimate a range of loss it may incur regarding such a matter, the Company records an accrual for the amount within the range that constitutes its best estimate. If the Company can reasonably estimate a range but no amount within the range appears to be a better estimate than any other, the Company uses the amount that is the low end of such range.

Legal Proceedings

The Company is subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company records a liability when it believes it is probable a loss will be incurred and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. The assessment as to whether a loss is probable, reasonably possible or remote, and as to whether a loss or a range of such loss is estimable, often involves significant judgment about future events. The Company has determined that resolution of pending matters is not probable to have a material adverse impact on its results of operations, cash flows, or financial position, and accordingly, no material contingency accruals are recorded. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability.

Brantley v. City of Gretna is a class action lawsuit filed in the 24th Judicial District Court of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana against the City of Gretna (“City”) and its safety camera vendor, Redflex Traffic Systems, Inc. in April 2016. The plaintiff class, which was certified on March 30, 2021, alleges that the City’s safety camera program was implemented and operated in violation of local ordinances and the state constitution, including that the City’s hearing process violated the plaintiffs’ due process rights for lack of a “neutral” arbiter of liability for traffic infractions. Plaintiffs seek recovery of traffic infraction fines paid. The City and Redflex Traffic Systems, Inc. appealed the trial court’s ruling granting class certification, which was denied and their petition for discretionary review of the certification ruling by the Louisiana Supreme Court is now pending. Based on the information available to the Company at present, it cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss for this action and, accordingly, it has not accrued any liability associated with this action.

15. Segment Reporting

The Company has three operating and reportable segments, Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions. Commercial Services offers toll and violation management solutions and title and registration services to commercial fleet vehicle owners, rental car companies and violation-issuing authorities. Government Solutions implements and administers traffic safety programs and products for municipalities and government agencies of all sizes. Parking Solutions provides an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to its customers. The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker function (“CODM”) is comprised of the Company’s CEO and certain defined representatives of the Company’s executive management team. The Company’s CODM monitors operating performance, allocates resources and deploys capital based on these three segments.

Segment performance is based on revenues and income from operations before depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation. The measure also excludes interest expense, net, income taxes and certain other transactions and is inclusive of other (income) expense, net. The tables below refer to this measure as segment profit. The aforementioned items are not indicative of operating performance, and, as a result are not included in the measures that are reviewed by the CODM for the segments. Other (income) expense, net included in segment profit below consists primarily of credit card rebates earned on the prepayment of tolling transactions and gains or losses on foreign currency transactions, and excludes certain non-operating expenses inapplicable to segments.

During the third quarter of 2022, the Company changed its measure of segment profit to include (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net, and to exclude transaction and transformation expenses that were previously included within the selling, general and administrative expenses and other (income) expense line items below. The comparable prior periods have been recast to conform to the revised presentation, although the impact of this revision to previously reported segment profit was not material.

The following tables set forth financial information by segment for the respective periods:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Commercial			Government			Parking		Corporate
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			Solutions		and Other			Total
Service revenue	$	86,056		$	77,441		$	17,120	$	—		$	180,617
Product sales		—			12,287			4,752		—			17,039
Total revenue		86,056			89,728			21,872		—			197,656
Cost of service revenue		478			481			3,185		—			4,144
Cost of product sales		—			7,496			3,821		—			11,317
Operating expenses		18,952			36,868			4,385		—			60,205
Selling, general and administrative expenses		14,126			15,034			6,218		—			35,378
(Gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		—			(54	)		10		—			(44	)
Other (income) expense, net		(3,869	)		(454	)		85		—			(4,238	)
Segment profit	$	56,369		$	30,357		$	4,168	$	—		$	90,894
Segment profit	$	56,369		$	30,357		$	4,168	$	—		$	90,894
Depreciation and amortization		—			—			—		35,079			35,079
Transaction and other related expenses		—			—			—		2,968			2,968
Transformation expenses		—			—			—		243			243
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			—			—		(2,267	)		(2,267	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—		4,644			4,644
Interest expense, net		—			—			—		20,260			20,260
Gain on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—		(3,005	)		(3,005	)
Income before income taxes	$	56,369		$	30,357		$	4,168	$	(57,922	)	$	32,972


	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Commercial			Government			Corporate
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			and Other			Total
Service revenue	$	77,257		$	64,554		$	—		$	141,811
Product sales		—			20,284			—			20,284
Total revenue		77,257			84,838			—			162,095
Cost of service revenue		996			416			—			1,412
Cost of product sales		—			9,391			—			9,391
Operating expenses		17,471			30,659			—			48,130
Selling, general and administrative expenses		10,592			14,013			—			24,605
Other income, net		(3,138	)		(356	)		—			(3,494	)
Segment profit	$	51,336		$	30,715		$	—		$	82,051
Segment profit	$	51,336		$	30,715		$	—		$	82,051
Depreciation and amortization		—			—			29,529			29,529
Transaction and other related expenses		—			—			2,678			2,678
Transformation expenses		—			—			773			773
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			—			(5,067	)		(5,067	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			3,703			3,703
Interest expense, net		—			—			11,637			11,637
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—			—
Income before income taxes	$	51,336		$	30,715		$	(43,253	)	$	38,798


	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Commercial			Government			Parking		Corporate
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			Solutions		and Other			Total
Service revenue	$	244,409		$	225,337		$	46,507	$	—		$	516,253
Product sales		—			26,747			12,528		—			39,275
Total revenue		244,409			252,084			59,035		—			555,528
Cost of service revenue		1,576			1,517			8,543		—			11,636
Cost of product sales		—			16,116			9,522		—			25,638
Operating expenses		53,004			103,660			9,302		—			165,966
Selling, general and administrative expenses		40,980			45,732			21,184		—			107,896
Loss on disposal of assets, net		—			572			15		—			587
Other (income) expense, net		(10,664	)		(600	)		121		—			(11,143	)
Segment profit	$	159,513		$	85,087		$	10,348	$	—		$	254,948
Segment profit	$	159,513		$	85,087		$	10,348	$	—		$	254,948
Depreciation and amortization		—			—			—		105,294			105,294
Transaction and other related expenses		—			—			—		3,457			3,457
Transformation expenses		—			—			—		509			509
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			—			—		(5,133	)		(5,133	)
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment		—			—			—		(965	)		(965	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—		13,656			13,656
Interest expense, net		—			—			—		49,024			49,024
Gain on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—		(3,005	)		(3,005	)
Income before income taxes	$	159,513		$	85,087		$	10,348	$	(162,837	)	$	92,111


	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Commercial			Government			Corporate
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			and Other			Total
Service revenue	$	189,426		$	158,574		$	—		$	348,000
Product sales		—			32,610			—			32,610
Total revenue		189,426			191,184			—			380,610
Cost of service revenue		2,432			1,192			—			3,624
Cost of product sales		—			15,562			—			15,562
Operating expenses		47,667			66,947			—			114,614
Selling, general and administrative expenses		30,449			34,663			—			65,112
Loss on disposal of assets, net		—			50			—			50
Other income, net		(7,802	)		(1,503	)		—			(9,305	)
Segment profit	$	116,680		$	74,273		$	—		$	190,953
Segment profit	$	116,680		$	74,273		$	—		$	190,953
Depreciation and amortization		—			—			84,756			84,756
Transaction and other related expenses		—			—			10,110			10,110
Transformation expenses		—			—			1,467			1,467
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			—			5,067			5,067
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment		—			—			1,661			1,661
Stock-based compensation		—			—			10,184			10,184
Interest expense, net		—			—			32,481			32,481
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			—			5,334			5,334
Income before income taxes	$	116,680		$	74,273		$	(151,060	)	$	39,893

The Company primarily operates within the United States, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and in various other countries in Europe and Asia. Revenues earned from goods transferred to customers at a point in time were approximately $17.0 million and $20.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively and were $39.3 million and $32.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following table details the revenues from international operations for the respective periods:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Australia	$	9,576	$	7,489	$	25,793	$	8,631
Canada		8,097		1,546		23,757		1,945
United Kingdom		4,517		5,320		15,716		10,968
All other		986		971		2,140		1,848
Total international revenues	$	23,176	$	15,326	$	67,406	$	23,392

16. Guarantor/Non-Guarantor Financial Information

VM Consolidated is the lead borrower of the 2021 Term Loan and Senior Notes. VM Consolidated is owned by the Company through a series of holding companies that ultimately end with the Company. VM Consolidated is wholly owned by Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, which is wholly owned by Greenlight Intermediate Holding Corporation, which is wholly owned by Greenlight Holding Corporation, which is wholly owned by Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC, which is wholly owned by Verra Mobility Corporation. The principal elimination entries relate to investments in subsidiaries and intercompany balances and transactions, including transactions with the Company’s wholly owned guarantor subsidiaries and non-guarantor subsidiaries.

The following financial information presents the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2022 and the related condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 for the Company, the combined guarantor subsidiaries and the combined non-guarantor subsidiaries.

Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

at September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)


($ in thousands)	Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)		Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non- guarantor Subsidiaries		Eliminations			Consolidated
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—	$	17,296		$	34,280	$	—		$	51,576
Restricted cash		—		3,987			66		—			4,053
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $17.7 million)		—		164,269			10,884		—			175,153
Unbilled receivables		—		27,507			5,277		—			32,784
Investment in subsidiary		25,632		138,092			—		(163,724	)		—
Inventory, net		—		1,679			16,243		—			17,922
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		—		30,893			5,062		—			35,955
Total current assets		25,632		383,723			71,812		(163,724	)		317,443
Installation and service parts, net		—		19,024			—		—			19,024
Property and equipment, net		—		88,543			16,725		—			105,268
Operating lease assets		—		30,024			6,375		—			36,399
Intangible assets, net		—		297,907			102,085		—			399,992
Goodwill		—		689,501			138,193		—			827,694
Due from affiliates		169,259		—			—		(169,259	)		—
Other non-current assets		—		8,401			4,112		—			12,513
Total assets	$	194,891	$	1,517,123		$	339,302	$	(332,983	)	$	1,718,333
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	—	$	52,073		$	17,062	$	—		$	69,135
Deferred revenue		—		22,302			10,456		—			32,758
Accrued liabilities		—		34,805			10,263		—			45,068
Tax receivable agreement liability, current portion		—		5,107			—		—			5,107
Current portion of long-term debt		—		9,019			—		—			9,019
Total current liabilities		—		123,306			37,781		—			161,087
Long-term debt, net of current portion		—		1,204,006			—		—			1,204,006
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		—		28,146			4,546		—			32,692
Tax receivable agreement liability, net of current portion		—		55,650			—		—			55,650
Private placement warrant liabilities		—		33,333			—		—			33,333
Due to affiliates		—		29,832			139,427		(169,259	)		—
Asset retirement obligation		—		12,663			24		—			12,687
Deferred tax liabilities, net		—		(713	)		19,348		—			18,635
Other long-term liabilities		—		5,268			84		—			5,352
Total liabilities		—		1,491,491			201,210		(169,259	)		1,523,442
Total stockholders' equity		194,891		25,632			138,092		(163,724	)		194,891
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	194,891	$	1,517,123		$	339,302	$	(332,983	)	$	1,718,333

Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)



($ in thousands)	Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non- guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Service revenue	$	—		$	161,993		$	18,624		$	—		$	180,617
Product sales		—			12,487			4,552			—			17,039
Sales to affiliates		—			(1,055	)		1,055			—			—
Total revenue		—			173,425			24,231			—			197,656
Cost of service revenue		—			3,184			960			—			4,144
Cost of product sales		—			7,153			4,164			—			11,317
Cost of sales to affiliates		—			(7	)		7			—			—
Operating expenses		—			50,469			10,067			—			60,536
Selling, general and administrative expenses		—			38,482			2,644			—			41,126
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		—			29,762			5,273			—			35,035
Total costs and expenses		—			129,043			23,115			—			152,158
Income from operations		—			44,382			1,116			—			45,498
Income from equity investment		(24,576	)		(2,530	)		—			27,106			—
Interest expense, net		—			21,302			(1,042	)		—			20,260
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			(2,267	)		—			—			(2,267	)
Gain on extinguishment of debt		—			(3,005	)		—			—			(3,005	)
Other income, net		—			(2,057	)		(405	)		—			(2,462	)
Total other (income) expenses		(24,576	)		11,443			(1,447	)		27,106			12,526
Income before income taxes		24,576			32,939			2,563			(27,106	)		32,972
Income tax provision		—			8,363			33			—			8,396
Net income	$	24,576		$	24,576		$	2,530		$	(27,106	)	$	24,576
Other comprehensive loss:
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		—			—			(8,167	)		—			(8,167	)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	24,576		$	24,576		$	(5,637	)	$	(27,106	)	$	16,409

Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)



($ in thousands)	Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non- guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Service revenue	$	—		$	462,294		$	53,959		$	—		$	516,253
Product sales		—			25,828			13,447			—			39,275
Sales to affiliates		—			(1,403	)		1,403			—			—
Total revenue		—			486,719			68,809			—			555,528
Cost of service revenue		—			8,158			3,478			—			11,636
Cost of product sales		—			15,268			10,370			—			25,638
Cost of sales to affiliates		—			(10	)		10			—			—
Operating expenses		—			137,717			29,078			—			166,795
Selling, general and administrative expenses		—			106,550			16,363			—			122,913
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		—			90,376			15,505			—			105,881
Total costs and expenses		—			358,059			74,804			—			432,863
Income (loss) from operations		—			128,660			(5,995	)		—			122,665
Income from equity investment		(64,257	)		2,724			—			61,533			—
Interest expense, net		—			50,063			(1,039	)		—			49,024
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			(5,133	)		—			—			(5,133	)
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment		—			(965	)		—			—			(965	)
Gain on extinguishment of debt		—			(3,005	)		—			—			(3,005	)
Other income, net		—			(7,931	)		(1,436	)		—			(9,367	)
Total other (income) expenses		(64,257	)		35,753			(2,475	)		61,533			30,554
Income (loss) before income taxes		64,257			92,907			(3,520	)		(61,533	)		92,111
Income tax provision (benefit)		—			28,650			(796	)		—			27,854
Net income (loss)	$	64,257		$	64,257		$	(2,724	)	$	(61,533	)	$	64,257
Other comprehensive loss:
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		—			—			(15,840	)		—			(15,840	)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	64,257		$	64,257		$	(18,564	)	$	(61,533	)	$	48,417

4,238

Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)


($ in thousands)	Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non- guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)	$	64,257		$	64,257		$	(2,724	)	$	(61,533	)	$	64,257
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		—			89,789			15,505			—			105,294
Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts		—			4,122			—			—			4,122
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			(5,133	)		—			—			(5,133	)
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment		—			(965	)		—			—			(965	)
Gain on extinguishment of debt		—			(3,005	)		—			—			(3,005	)
Credit loss expense		—			10,431			461			—			10,892
Deferred income taxes		—			(15,198	)		(2,112	)		—			(17,310	)
Stock-based compensation		—			13,656			—			—			13,656
Other		—			623			1			—			624
Income from equity investment		(64,257	)		2,724			—			61,533			—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		—			(24,519	)		(1,327	)		—			(25,846	)
Unbilled receivables		—			(3,289	)		(916	)		—			(4,205	)
Inventory, net		—			(2,835	)		(6,221	)		—			(9,056	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		—			4,647			3,758			—			8,405
Deferred revenue		—			5,132			1,159			—			6,291
Accounts payable and other current liabilities		—			(2,476	)		498			—			(1,978	)
Due to affiliates		—			(473	)		473			—			—
Other liabilities		—			3,408			(675	)		—			2,733
Net cash provided by operating activities		—			140,896			7,880			—			148,776
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Partial payment of contingent consideration		—			(647	)		—			—			(647	)
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment		—			(28,570	)		(7,357	)		—			(35,927	)
Cash proceeds from the sale of assets		—			140			—			—			140
Net cash used in investing activities		—			(29,077	)		(7,357	)		—			(36,434	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Repayment on the revolver		—			(25,000	)		—			—			(25,000	)
Repayment of long-term debt		—			(6,764	)		—			—			(6,764	)
Payment of debt issuance costs		—			(410	)		—			—			(410	)
Share repurchases and retirement		—			(125,071	)		—			—			(125,071	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		—			997			—			—			997
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—			(3,072	)		—			—			(3,072	)
Settlement of contingent consideration		—			(205	)		—			—			(205	)
Net cash used in financing activities		—			(159,525	)		—			—			(159,525	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		—			—			(1,620	)		—			(1,620	)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		—			(47,706	)		(1,097	)		—			(48,803	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period		—			68,989			35,443			—			104,432
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period	$	—		$	21,283		$	34,346		$	—		$	55,629

Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)


	Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)		Guarantor Subsidiaries		Non- guarantor Subsidiaries		Eliminations		Consolidated
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	—	$	40,068	$	—	$	—	$	40,068
Income taxes paid, net of refunds		—		43,072		383		—		43,455
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at period-end		—		6,420		—		—		6,420
Additions related to asset retirement obligations and property and equipment		—		715		—		—		715

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, and our financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. Please also refer to the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Business Overview

We are a leading provider of smart mobility technology solutions and services throughout the United States, Australia, Canada and Europe. These solutions and services include toll and violations management, title and registration, automated safety solutions, parking enforcement and citation, and other data-driven solutions, to our customers, which include rental car companies (“RACs”), fleet management companies (“FMCs”), other large fleet owners, municipalities, school districts, universities, parking operators, healthcare facilities and transportation hubs and other violation-issuing authorities. Our solutions simplify the smart mobility ecosystem by utilizing what we believe are industry-leading capabilities, information and technology expertise, and integrated hardware and software to efficiently facilitate the automated processing of tolls and violations, automated safety and parking solutions for hundreds of agencies and millions of end users annually, while also making cities and roadways safer for everyone.

Executive Summary

We operate under long-term contracts and have a highly reoccurring service revenue model. We continue to execute our strategy to grow revenue organically and expand offerings into adjacent markets through innovation or acquisition. During the periods presented, we:

•

Experienced growth as a result of strategic acquisitions completed in 2021:

Redflex – During the second quarter of 2021, we acquired Redflex Holdings Limited (“Redflex”), which provides intelligent traffic management products and services to its customers. Through our acquisition of Redflex, we expanded our current footprint in the United States and gained access to international markets.

T2 Systems – During the fourth quarter of 2021, we acquired T2 Systems Parent Corporation (“T2 Systems”), which provides an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions and supports our strategy to diversify into new markets and increase opportunities to cross sell to customers within our overall portfolio.

•

Increased total revenue by $174.9 million from $380.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $555.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Redflex and T2 Systems contributed approximately $96.2 million to the overall revenue growth, and the remaining increase was mainly due to service revenue resulting from increased travel volume and tolling activity in 2022 in the Commercial Services segment and expansion of speed programs in the Government Solutions segment; and

•

Generated cash flows from operations of $148.8 million and $129.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our cash on hand was $51.6 million as of September 30, 2022.

Recent Events

Share Repurchases and Retirement

On May 7, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $125.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock over the next 12 months from time to time in open market transactions, accelerated share repurchases (“ASR”) or in privately negotiated transactions, each as permitted under applicable rules and regulations, any of which may use pre-arranged trading plans that are designed to meet the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”).

calculated using a volume-weighted average price over the term of the ASR agreement. In addition, we paid $6.9 million and repurchased 445,791 shares of our Class A Common Stock through open market transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. During the third quarter of 2022, we discontinued open market repurchases and our Board of Directors authorized an ASR for the remaining availability under the share repurchase program. On August 19, 2022, we paid $68.1 million for a second ASR, and received an initial delivery of 3,300,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock in accordance with an ASR agreement with a third-party financial institution. The final settlement is expected to occur during the fourth quarter of 2022, at which time, a volume-weighted average price calculation over the term of the ASR agreement will be used to determine the final number and the average price of shares repurchased and retired. We paid a total of $125.0 million for share repurchases and $0.1 million for direct costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 using available cash on hand.

Segment Information

We have three operating and reportable segments, Commercial Services, Government Solutions and Parking Solutions:

•

Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions and title and registration services for RACs and FMCs in North America. In Europe, we provide toll and violations processing services.

•

Government Solutions segment offers photo enforcement solutions and services to its customers. We provide complete end-to-end speed, red-light, school bus stop arm and bus lane enforcement solutions within the United States and Canada. The international operations through Redflex primarily involve the sale of traffic enforcement products and related maintenance services.

•

Parking Solutions segment provides an integrated suite of parking software and hardware solutions to universities, municipalities, parking operators, healthcare facilities and transportation hubs in the United States and Canada.

Segment performance is based on revenues and income from operations before depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation. The measure also excludes interest expense, net, income taxes and certain other transactions and is inclusive of other income, net.

During the third quarter of 2022, we changed our measure of segment profit to include (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net, and to exclude transaction and transformation expenses that were previously included within the selling, general and administrative expenses and other income, net line items. The comparable prior periods have been recast to conform to the revised presentation, although the impact of this revision to previously reported segment profit was not material. See Note 15. Segment Reporting.

Primary Components of Our Operating Results

Revenues

Service Revenue. Our Commercial Services segment generates service revenue primarily through the operation and management of tolling programs and processing violations for RACs, FMCs and other large fleet customers. These solutions are full-service offerings by which we enroll the license plates of our customers’ vehicles and transponders with tolling authority accounts, pay tolls and violations on the customers’ behalf and, through proprietary technology, integrate with customer data to match the toll or violation to the driver and then bill the driver (or our customer, as applicable) for use of the service. The cost of certain tolls, violations and our customers’ share of administration fees are netted against revenue. We also generate service revenue in our Commercial Services segment through processing titles and registrations.

Our Government Solutions segment generates service revenue through the operation and maintenance of photo enforcement systems. Revenue drivers in this segment include the number of systems installed and the monthly revenue per system. Ancillary service revenue is generated in our Government Solutions segment from payment processing, pass-through fees for collection expense, and other fees.

Our Parking Solutions segment generates service revenue mainly from offering software as a service, subscription fees, professional services and citation processing services related to parking management solutions to its customers.

Product Sales. Product sales are generated by the sale of photo enforcement equipment in the Government Solutions segment and specialized hardware in the Parking Solutions segment. Customer buying patterns vary greatly from period to period related to product sales.

Costs and Expenses

Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue consists of certain recurring service costs, collection and other third-party service costs in our segments.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales consists of the cost to acquire and install photo enforcement equipment purchased by Government Solutions customers and costs to develop and install hardware sold to Parking Solutions customers.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses primarily include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), subcontractor costs, payment processing and other operational costs including print, postage and communication costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), real estate lease expense, insurance costs, professional services fees, acquisition costs and general corporate expenses.

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net includes depreciation on property, plant and equipment, and amortization of definite-lived intangible assets. This line item also includes any one-time gains or losses incurred in connection with the disposal of certain assets.

Interest Expense, Net. This includes interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts and is net of interest income.

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. Change in fair value of private placement warrants consists of liability adjustments related to the 6,666,666 Private Placement Warrants originally issued to Gores Sponsor II, LLC re-measured to fair value at the end of each reporting period.

Tax Receivable Agreement Liability Adjustment. This consists of adjustments made to our Tax Receivable Agreement liability due to changes in estimates.

(Gain) Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt generally consists of early payment penalties and the write-off of original issue discounts and deferred financing costs associated with debt extinguishment, and any gains recognized as a result of loan forgiveness.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net primarily consists of volume rebates earned from total spend on purchasing cards, gains or losses on foreign currency transactions and other non-operating expenses.

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2021

The following table sets forth our statements of operations data and expresses each item as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented as well as the changes between periods. The tables and information provided in this section were derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences.


	Three Months Ended September 30,
							Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2022 vs 2021
($ in thousands)	2022			2021			2022			2021			$			%
Service revenue	$	180,617		$	141,811			91.4	%		87.5	%	$	38,806			27.4	%
Product sales		17,039			20,284			8.6	%		12.5	%		(3,245	)		(16.0	)%
Total revenue		197,656			162,095			100.0	%		100.0	%		35,561			21.9	%
Cost of service revenue		4,144			1,412			2.1	%		0.9	%		2,732			193.5	%
Cost of product sales		11,317			9,391			5.7	%		5.8	%		1,926			20.5	%
Operating expenses		60,536			48,309			30.6	%		29.8	%		12,227			25.3	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		41,126			31,580			20.8	%		19.5	%		9,546			30.2	%
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		35,035			29,529			17.7	%		18.2	%		5,506			18.6	%
Total costs and expenses		152,158			120,221			76.9	%		74.2	%		31,937			26.6	%
Income from operations		45,498			41,874			23.1	%		25.8	%		3,624			8.7	%
Interest expense, net		20,260			11,637			10.3	%		7.2	%		8,623			74.1	%
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		(2,267	)		(5,067	)		(1.1	)%		(3.1	)%		2,800			(55.3	)%
Gain on extinguishment of debt		(3,005	)		—			(1.5	)%		—			(3,005	)	n/a
Other income, net		(2,462	)		(3,494	)		(1.2	)%		(2.2	)%		1,032			(29.5	)%
Total other expenses		12,526			3,076			6.5	%		1.9	%		9,450			307.2	%
Income before income taxes		32,972			38,798			16.6	%		23.9	%		(5,826	)		(15.0	)%
Income tax provision		8,396			11,492			4.2	%		7.1	%		(3,096	)		(26.9	)%
Net income	$	24,576		$	27,306			12.4	%		16.8	%	$	(2,730	)		(10.0	)%

Service Revenue. Service revenue increased by $38.8 million, or 27.4%, to $180.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 from $141.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, representing 91.4% and 87.5% of total revenue, respectively. The following table depicts service revenue by segment:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2022 vs 2021
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022			2021			$		%
Service revenue
Commercial Services	$	86,056	$	77,257		43.5	%		47.7	%	$	8,799		11.4	%
Government Solutions		77,441		64,554		39.2	%		39.8	%		12,887		20.0	%
Parking Solutions		17,120		—		8.7	%		—			17,120	n/a
Total service revenue	$	180,617	$	141,811		91.4	%		87.5	%	$	38,806		27.4	%

Commercial Services service revenue increased by $8.8 million, or 11.4%, from $77.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to $86.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increased travel volume and related tolling activity in 2022 compared to 2021, which was slowly recovering from COVID-19. The volume of tolls incurred by RAC vehicles increased along with a shift towards an all-inclusive fee structure from an incidental or daily usage rate and higher pricing for certain products contributed to a $7.6 million increase, and the tolling related revenue generated by our FMC customers contributed to a $1.8 million increase during the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021. These increases were partially offset by decreases in title and registration and violation processing service revenues during the quarter compared to the same period in 2021.

Government Solutions service revenue includes revenue from speed, red-light, school bus stop arm and bus lane photo enforcement systems. Service revenue increased by $12.9 million to $77.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $64.6 million in the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily driven by the expansion of school zone

speed programs, as speed is the largest product in this segment and contributed approximately $10.8 million to the service revenue increase this quarter. The remaining growth is attributable to other expansions and improvement in variable rate programs that recovered from COVID-19 to more normalized volumes.

Parking Solutions service revenue of $17.1 million resulted from the acquisition of T2 systems in December 2021 with no revenue in the comparable period.

Product Sales. Product sales were $17.0 million and $20.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Product sales decreased by approximately $3.2 million which was mainly due to a $8.0 million decrease in product sales to Government Solutions customers including Redflex, offset by a $4.8 million increase from the inclusion of T2 Systems for which there was no revenue in the comparable 2021 period. Customer buying patterns vary greatly from period to period related to product sales.

Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue increased from $1.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to $4.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The $2.7 million increase was mainly due to the inclusion of costs in the Parking Solutions segment with no comparable amounts in the prior year.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales increased by $1.9 million from $9.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2021 to $11.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was mainly due to a $3.8 million increase in costs from the inclusion of T2 Systems for which there was no comparable amount in the prior year offset by a $1.9 million decrease in costs in the Government Solutions segment.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses increased by $12.2 million, or 25.3%, from $48.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to $60.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in 2022 was primarily attributable to increase in wages, information technology and recurring service costs in the Government Solutions segment, and from the inclusion of T2 Systems' operations in 2022 with no comparable amounts in the prior period. Operating expenses as a percentage of total revenue increased slightly from 29.8% to 30.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The following table presents operating expenses by segment:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2022 vs 2021
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022			2021			$		%
Operating expenses
Commercial Services	$	18,952	$	17,471		9.6	%		10.8	%	$	1,481		8.5	%
Government Solutions		36,868		30,659		18.6	%		18.9	%		6,209		20.3	%
Parking Solutions		4,385		—		2.2	%		—			4,385	n/a
Total operating expenses before stock-based compensation		60,205		48,130		30.4	%		29.7	%		12,075		25.1	%
Stock-based compensation		331		179		0.2	%		0.1	%		152		84.9	%
Total operating expenses	$	60,536	$	48,309		30.6	%		29.8	%	$	12,227		25.3	%

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased to $41.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $31.6 million for the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to increased wages and other general expenses from the inclusion of T2 Systems with no comparable amounts in the prior year. In addition, we had overall increases of $3.1 million of professional services costs, $1.0 million related to credit loss expense and $0.8 million for stock-based compensation expense, which were partially offset by a $2.0 million decrease in certain transaction and transformation expenses compared to the prior year. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue increased from 19.5% to 20.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The following table presents selling, general and administrative expenses by segment:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2022 vs 2021
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022			2021			$			%
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Commercial Services	$	14,126	$	10,592		7.2	%		6.5	%	$	3,534			33.4	%
Government Solutions		15,034		14,013		7.6	%		8.7	%		1,021			7.3	%
Parking Solutions		6,218		—		3.1	%		—			6,218		n/a
Corporate and other		1,435		3,451		0.7	%		2.1	%		(2,016	)		(58.4	)%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses before stock-based compensation		36,813		28,056		18.6	%		17.3	%		8,757			31.2	%
Stock-based compensation		4,313		3,524		2.2	%		2.2	%		789			22.4	%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	41,126	$	31,580		20.8	%		19.5	%	$	9,546			30.2	%

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net, increased by $5.5 million to $35.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 from $29.5 million for the same period in 2021. This was mainly due to increased amortization and depreciation expense resulting from the inclusion of T2 Systems with no comparable amounts in the prior year.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net increased by $8.6 million from $11.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately $20.3 million for the same period in 2022. This increase is primarily attributable to a higher interest rate on our variable debt which was approximately 270 basis points higher than the comparable prior period and $1.24 billion in average outstanding debt during the three months ended September 30, 2022, which included the $250 million of incremental term loan borrowing, compared to $998 million in average outstanding debt for the same period in 2021. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. We recorded gains of $2.3 million and $5.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the changes in fair value of our Private Placement Warrants which are accounted for as liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value is the result of re-measurement of the liability at the end of each reporting period.

Gain on extinguishment of debt. We recorded a $3.0 million gain on extinguishment of debt during the three months ended September 30, 2022 related to the forgiveness of the PPP loan, which is further discussed below.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net was $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $3.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The decrease of $1.0 million is primarily attributable to an adjustment recognized for a previous acquisition subsequent to the measurement period, offset mainly by income resulting from volume rebates earned from total spend on purchasing cards from increased tolling and travel activity, especially in the RAC industry.

Income Tax Provision. Income tax provision was $8.4 million representing an effective tax rate of 25.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to a tax provision of $11.5 million, representing an effective tax rate of 29.6% for the same period in 2021. The primary driver for the effective tax rate variance is the permanent differences related to the mark-to-market adjustment on the private placement warrants and the Redflex PPP loan forgiveness recorded as pre-tax income in 2022, resulting in the Company’s permanent book and tax differences having a proportionately lesser impact on the effective tax rate for 2022.

Net Income. We had net income of $24.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to a net income of $27.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The $2.7 million decrease in net income was primarily

due to increased interest expense, costs and expenses due to the inclusion of T2 Systems in 2022 with no comparable amounts in the prior period, and the other statement of operations activity discussed above.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
							Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2022 vs 2021
($ in thousands)	2022			2021			2022			2021			$			%
Service revenue	$	516,253		$	348,000			92.9	%		91.4	%	$	168,253			48.3	%
Product sales		39,275			32,610			7.1	%		8.6	%		6,665			20.4	%
Total revenue		555,528			380,610			100.0	%		100.0	%		174,918			46.0	%
Cost of service revenue		11,636			3,624			2.1	%		1.0	%		8,012			221.1	%
Cost of product sales		25,638			15,562			4.6	%		4.1	%		10,076			64.7	%
Operating expenses		166,795			115,235			30.0	%		30.3	%		51,560			44.7	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		122,913			86,252			22.1	%		22.6	%		36,661			42.5	%
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		105,881			84,806			19.1	%		22.3	%		21,075			24.9	%
Total costs and expenses		432,863			305,479			77.9	%		80.3	%		127,384			41.7	%
Income from operations		122,665			75,131			22.1	%		19.7	%		47,534			63.3	%
Interest expense, net		49,024			32,481			8.8	%		8.5	%		16,543			50.9	%
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		(5,133	)		5,067			(0.9	)%		1.3	%		(10,200	)		(201.3	)%
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment		(965	)		1,661			(0.2	)%		0.4	%		(2,626	)		(158.1	)%
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt		(3,005	)		5,334			(0.5	)%		1.4	%		(8,339	)		(156.3	)%
Other income, net		(9,367	)		(9,305	)		(1.7	)%		(2.4	)%		(62	)		0.7	%
Total other expenses		30,554			35,238			5.5	%		9.2	%		(4,684	)		(13.3	)%
Income before income taxes		92,111			39,893			16.6	%		10.5	%		52,218			130.9	%
Income tax provision		27,854			17,510			5.0	%		4.6	%		10,344			59.1	%
Net income	$	64,257		$	22,383			11.6	%		5.9	%	$	41,874			187.1	%

Service Revenue. Service revenue increased by $168.3 million, or 48.3%, to $516.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 from $348.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing 92.9% and 91.4% of total revenue, respectively. The following table depicts service revenue by segment:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2022 vs 2021
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022			2021			$		%
Service revenue
Commercial Services	$	244,409	$	189,426		44.0	%		49.8	%	$	54,983		29.0	%
Government Solutions		225,337		158,574		40.6	%		41.6	%		66,763		42.1	%
Parking Solutions		46,507		—		8.3	%		—			46,507	n/a
Total service revenue	$	516,253	$	348,000		92.9	%		91.4	%	$	168,253		48.3	%

Commercial Services service revenue increased by $55.0 million, or 29%, from $189.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $244.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the increase in travel volume in 2022 compared to 2021 which was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the first three months of 2021. The volume of tolls incurred by RAC vehicles increased along with a shift towards an all-inclusive fee structure from an incidental or daily usage rate and higher pricing for certain products contributed to a $39.8 million increase, and the tolling related revenue generated by our FMC customers contributed to a $9.6 million increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021.

Government Solutions service revenue includes revenue from speed, red-light, school bus stop arm and bus lane photo enforcement systems. Service revenue increased by approximately $66.8 million, and was $225.3 million and $158.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Redflex operations contributed $33.2 million to our growth year over year. Organic growth excluding Redflex was $33.5 million, which was primarily driven by the expansion of school zone speed programs, and speed is the largest product in this segment. We added 752 speed cameras in 2021, excluding Redflex, which provided year-over-year growth in 2022, and 549 speed cameras in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 which provided growth in the current period and will continue to provide growth for the remainder of 2022 and beyond. The remaining growth is attributable to other expansions and improvement in variable rate programs that recovered from COVID-19 to more normalized volumes.

Parking Solutions service revenue of $46.5 million resulted from our acquisition of T2 systems in December 2021 with no revenue in the comparable nine-month period.

Product Sales. Product sales increased by $6.7 million, and were $39.3 million and $32.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in 2022 was mainly due to an aggregate $16.4 million of product revenue generated from T2 Systems for which there was no revenue in the comparable 2021 period and from Redflex, which included approximately one hundred days of activity in the 2021 period, offset by a decrease in product sales for a Government Solutions customer whose buying patterns varied from period to period.

Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue increased from $3.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $11.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The $8.0 million increase was mainly attributable to the inclusion of costs in the Parking Solutions segment with no comparable amounts in the prior year.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales increased by approximately $10.0 million from $15.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $25.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was mainly due to increased costs from the inclusion of T2 Systems and Redflex operations.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses increased by $51.6 million, or 44.7%, from $115.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $166.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in wages expense, subcontractor expenses, recurring services and information technology costs resulting from the inclusion of Redflex for the full nine-month period in 2022 compared to approximately one hundred days in 2021 and T2 Systems' operations in 2022 with no comparable amounts in the prior year. Operating expenses as a percentage of total revenue decreased slightly from 30.3% to 30.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The following table presents operating expenses by segment:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2022 vs 2021
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022			2021			$		%
Operating expenses
Commercial Services	$	53,004	$	47,667		9.5	%		12.5	%	$	5,337		11.2	%
Government Solutions		103,660		66,947		18.7	%		17.6	%		36,713		54.8	%
Parking Solutions		9,302		—		1.7	%		—			9,302	n/a
Total operating expenses before stock-based compensation		165,966		114,614		29.9	%		30.1	%		51,352		44.8	%
Stock-based compensation		829		621		0.1	%		0.2	%		208		33.5	%
Total operating expenses	$	166,795	$	115,235		30.0	%		30.3	%	$	51,560		44.7	%

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $36.7 million to $122.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $86.3 million for the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to increased wages and other general expenses due to the inclusion of Redflex for the full nine-month period in 2022 as compared to approximately one hundred days in the prior year and T2 Systems' operations included in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 with no comparable amounts in the prior year. In addition, we had overall increases of $8.9 million for professional services, $4.2 million for credit loss expense, and $3.3 million related to stock-based compensation expense compared to the prior year, which were partially offset by a $9.4 million decrease in certain transaction and transformation costs compared to 2021. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue decreased from 22.6% to 22.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The following table presents selling, general and administrative expenses by segment:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2022 vs 2021
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022			2021			$			%
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Commercial Services	$	40,980	$	30,449		7.4	%		8.0	%	$	10,531			34.6	%
Government Solutions		45,732		34,663		8.2	%		9.1	%		11,069			31.9	%
Parking Solutions		21,184		—		3.8	%		—			21,184		n/a
Corporate and other		2,190		11,577		0.4	%		3.0	%		(9,387	)		(81.1	)%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses before stock-based compensation		110,086		76,689		19.8	%		20.1	%		33,397			43.5	%
Stock-based compensation		12,827		9,563		2.3	%		2.5	%		3,264			34.1	%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	122,913	$	86,252		22.1	%		22.6	%	$	36,661			42.5	%

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net, increased by $21.1 million to $105.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 from $84.8 million for the same period in 2021. This was mainly due to increased amortization and depreciation expense from the inclusion of T2 Systems' operations with no comparable amounts in the prior year and Redflex for the full nine-month period in 2022 compared to approximately one hundred days in 2021.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net increased by $16.5 million from $32.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $49.0 million for the same period in 2022. This increase is primarily attributable to $1.24 billion in average outstanding debt during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 which included the $250 million of incremental term loan borrowing, compared to $958 million in average outstanding debt for the same period in 2021. In addition, the 2022 period included a higher interest rate on our variable debt for three months out of the nine-month period. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. We recorded a $5.1 million gain for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and a $5.1 million loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, related to the changes in fair value of our Private Placement Warrants which are accounted for as liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value is the result of re-measurement of the liability at the end of each reporting period.

Tax Receivable Agreement Liability Adjustment. We recorded a $1.0 million benefit and a $1.7 million charge for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The TRA liability adjustment in 2022 is arising from lower estimated state tax rates due to changes in apportionment, whereas in 2021 it was arising from higher estimated state tax rates due to changes in statutory rates.

(Gain) Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. We recorded a $3.0 million gain on extinguishment of debt during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to the forgiveness of the PPP loan, which is further discussed below. Loss on extinguishment of debt was $5.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 consisting of a $4.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts and $1.3 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the 2021 Term Loan, as discussed and defined below.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net was approximately $9.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The slight increase is primarily due to income resulting from volume rebates earned from total spend on purchasing cards from increased tolling activity, especially in the RAC industry, offset mainly by an adjustment recognized for a previous acquisition subsequent to the measurement period.

Income Tax Provision. Income tax provision was $27.9 million representing an effective tax rate of 30.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $17.5 million representing an effective tax rate of 43.9% for the same period in 2021. The primary driver for the effective tax rate variance is the permanent differences related to the mark-to-market adjustment on the private placement warrants, the Redflex PPP loan forgiveness recorded as pre-tax income in 2022, and the increase in overall pre-tax income for 2022 compared to 2021, resulting in the Company’s permanent book and tax differences having a proportionately lesser impact on the effective tax rate for 2022.

Net Income. We had net income of approximately $64.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to a net income of $22.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in net income of $41.9 million was mainly due to increases in service revenue and product sales, and the other statement of operations activity discussed above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations and the available borrowing under our Revolver (defined below).

We have incurred significant long-term debt as a result of acquisitions completed in prior years.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flows provided by operating activities and our ability to borrow under our Revolver (as defined below) will be sufficient to meet operating cash requirements and service debt obligations for at least the next 12 months. Our ability to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities depends on our future performance, which is subject to general economic, political, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. In addition, our future capital expenditures and other cash requirements could be higher than currently expected due to various factors, including any expansion of our business or strategic acquisitions. Should we pursue strategic acquisitions, we may need to raise additional capital, which may be in the form of additional long-term debt, borrowing on our Revolver, or equity financings, all of which may not be available to us on favorable terms or at all.

We have the ability to borrow under our Revolver to meet obligations as they come due. As of September 30, 2022, we had $72.1 million available for borrowing, net of letters of credit, under our Revolver.

Share Repurchases

On May 12, 2022, we paid $50.0 million, which represented the amount initially authorized for an ASR, and received an initial delivery of 2,739,726 shares of our Class A Common Stock in accordance with an ASR agreement with a third-party financial institution. The final settlement occurred on August 3, 2022, at which time, we received 445,086 additional shares calculated using a volume-weighted average price over the term of the ASR agreement. In addition, we paid $6.9 million and repurchased 445,791 shares through open market transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We discontinued open market repurchases during the third quarter of 2022 and our Board of Directors authorized an ASR for the remaining availability under the share repurchase program. On August 19, 2022, we paid $68.1 million for a second ASR, and received an initial delivery of 3,300,000 shares in accordance with an ASR agreement with a third-party financial institution. The final settlement is expected to occur during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022, at which time, a volume-weighted average price calculation over the term of the ASR agreement will be used to determine the final number and the average price of shares repurchased and retired. We paid a total of $125.0 million for share repurchases and $0.1 million for direct costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 using available cash on hand.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The following table sets forth certain captions indicated on our statements of cash flows for the respective periods:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2022			2021
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	148,776		$	129,284
Net cash used in investing activities		(36,434	)		(122,412	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(159,525	)		5,335

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities increased by $19.5 million, from $129.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $148.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Net income year over year increased by $41.9 million, from $22.4 million in 2021 to $64.3 million in 2022. The aggregate adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities remained relatively consistent year over year. The aggregate changes in operating assets and liabilities decreased by $21.4 million in 2022 primarily due to increased driver-billable accounts receivable balances in the Commercial Services business and the inclusion of accounts receivable balances in 2022 for the Parking Solutions business.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $36.4 million and $122.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The cash used in 2022 was primarily related to purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment. The cash used in 2021 was primarily related to VM Consolidated’s acquisition of 100% of the outstanding equity of Redflex at A$0.96 per share for total consideration of A$152.5 million, or approximately US$117.9 million.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $(159.5) million and $5.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The cash used in 2022 was mainly due to the repurchases of 6.9 million shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock for $125.1 million in the second and third quarters of 2022 (as discussed further in Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity), the repayment of $25.0 million of borrowing on the Revolver in January 2022 and the quarterly principal payments on the 2021 Term Loan.

We had aggregate borrowings of $996.8 million during 2021 consisting of the 2021 Term Loan and Senior Notes and repayments of $882.9 million on outstanding debt related to the 2018 and 2021 Term Loans (defined below), and debt assumed as part of the Redflex acquisition that was subsequently paid. The 2018 Term Loan was fully repaid in March 2021. The aggregate borrowings net of the repayments along with existing cash on hand were used to fund the close of the Redflex acquisition in June 2021 and the share repurchase and retirement for $100 million in August 2021 (discussed above).

Long-term Debt

2021 Term Loan and Senior Notes

In March 2021, VM Consolidated entered into an Amendment and Restatement Agreement No.1 to the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “2021 Term Loan”) with a syndicate of lenders. The 2021 Term Loan has an aggregate borrowing of $650.0 million, maturing on March 26, 2028, and an accordion feature providing for an additional $250.0 million of term loans, subject to satisfaction of certain requirements. In connection with the 2021 Term Loan, we had an offering discount cost of $3.3 million and $0.7 million of deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan.

In addition, in March 2021, VM Consolidated issued an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million in Senior Unsecured Notes (the “Senior Notes”), due on April 15, 2029. In connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes, we incurred $5.7 million in lender and third-party costs, which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Senior Notes.

Term Loan were used, along with cash on hand, to fund the acquisition of T2 Systems, including repaying in full all outstanding debt for T2 Systems. In connection with the Incremental Term Loan, we had an offering discount cost of $1.3 million and $3.8 million of deferred financing costs, both of which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan. The Incremental Term Loan accrued interest from the date of borrowing until December 31, 2021, at which time, it was combined with the 2021 Term Loan to be a single tranche of term loan borrowings. The total principal outstanding under the 2021 Term Loan, which includes the Incremental Term Loan, was $888.4 million at September 30, 2022.

The 2021 Term Loan is repayable at 1.0% per annum of the amount initially borrowed, paid in quarterly installments. It bears interest based, at our option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.25% per annum. As of September 30, 2022, the interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan was 6.1%.


Consolidated First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (As Defined by the 2021 Term Loan Agreement)		Applicable Prepayment Percentage
> 3.70:1.00		50%
< 3.70:1.00 and > 3.20:1.00		25%
< 3.20:1.00		0%

Interest on the Senior Notes is fixed at 5.50% per annum and is payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year. On or after April 15, 2024, we may redeem all or a portion of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices set forth below in percentages by year, plus accrued and unpaid interest:


Year		Percentage
2024		102.750%
2025		101.375%
2026 and thereafter		100.000%

In addition, we may redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes before April 15, 2024, with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings.

We evaluated the March 2021 refinancing transactions on a lender-by-lender basis and accounted for the portion of the transaction that did not meet the accounting criteria for debt extinguishment as a debt modification. Accordingly, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $5.3 million on the 2018 Term Loan during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 consisting of a $4.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and discounts and $1.3 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the 2021 Term Loan.

PPP Loan

During fiscal year 2020, Redflex received a $2.9 million loan from the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) as part of the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP Loan”) to offset certain employment and other allowable costs incurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In early 2021, Redflex applied for forgiveness of this loan, and on September 23, 2022, we were notified by the SBA that the loan, together with accrued interest, had been fully forgiven under the provisions of the PPP Loan program. Accordingly, we recognized a $3.0 million gain on extinguishment of debt in the consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The Revolver

We have a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”) with a commitment of up to $75 million available for loans and letters of credit. The Revolver matures on December 20, 2026. Borrowing eligibility under the Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. The Revolver bears interest on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) LIBOR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on our average availability to borrow under the commitment. At December 31, 2021, we had $25.0 million in outstanding borrowings on the Revolver, which was repaid in full in January 2022. At September 30, 2022, the availability to borrow was $72.1 million, net of $0.2 million of

outstanding letters of credit.

Interest on the unused portion of the Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375% and we are also required to pay participation and fronting fees at 1.38% on $0.2 million of outstanding letters of credit as of September 30, 2022.

All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the 2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material respects of representations and warranties. Substantially all of our assets are pledged as collateral to secure our indebtedness under the 2021 Term Loan. At September 30, 2022, we were compliant with all debt covenants.

Interest Expense

We recorded interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts, of $20.3 million and $11.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $49.0 million and $32.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any material off-balance sheet financing arrangements as of September 30, 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions include those related to the fair values assigned to net assets acquired (including identifiable intangibles) in business combinations, revenue recognition, inventory valuation, allowance for credit losses, fair value of the private placement warrant liabilities, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, impairment assessments of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, asset retirement obligations, contingent consideration and the recognition and measurement of loss contingencies. Management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Refer to our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K for our critical accounting policies, estimates and judgments.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to interest rate market risk due to the variable interest rate on the 2021 Term Loan described in Part I, Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.

Interest rate risk represents our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates associated with the variable rate debt represented by the 2021 Term Loan, which has an outstanding balance of $888.4 million at September 30, 2022. The 2021 Term Loan bears interest based, at our option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.25% per annum. Based on the September 30, 2022 balance outstanding, each 1% movement in interest rates will result in an approximately $8.9 million change in annual interest expense.

We have not engaged in any hedging activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We do not expect to engage in any hedging activities with respect to the market risk to which we are exposed.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and to ensure that

information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with assistance from other members of management, have reviewed the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2022 and, based on their evaluation, have concluded the controls and procedures were ineffective as the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting that were disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 were not yet remediated during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Remediation

As previously described in Part II, Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, management commenced implementation of remediation plans which are ongoing to address the material weaknesses mentioned above. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We continue to take steps to remediate the material weaknesses identified as of December 31, 2021. However, we will not be able to demonstrate that this material weakness has been fully remediated or that our controls are operating effectively, until we complete our remediation efforts and both we and our independent registered public accounting firm conduct a year-end assessment of our internal control over financial reporting for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The following steps of the remediation plan are currently in process, and management may determine to enhance existing controls and/or implement additional controls as the implementation progresses:

•

Design and implement controls to properly recognize revenue within our recent acquisitions.

•

Evaluate the sufficiency, experience, and training of our internal personnel and hire additional personnel.

•

Design and implement controls to validate revenue and reporting data used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Part II—Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

On November 2, 2020, PlusPass, Inc. (“PlusPass”) commenced an action in the United States District Court, Central District of California, against Verra Mobility, The Gores Group LLC, Platinum Equity LLC, and ATS Processing Services, Inc., alleging civil violations of federal antitrust statutes: Section 7 of the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 (the “Clayton Act”), and Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. On November 20, 2020, PlusPass filed a First Amended Complaint. On February 9, 2021, the defendants filed motions to dismiss, and PlusPass subsequently abandoned various theories and claims and dismissed The Gores Group LLC, Platinum Equity LLC, and ATS Processing Services, Inc. On April 27, 2021, PlusPass filed a Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), alleging that Verra Mobility violated Section 7 of the Clayton Act through the merger of Highway Toll Administration, LLC (“HTA”) and American Traffic Solutions, Inc. (“ATS”) in 2018, and that Verra Mobility violated Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by using exclusive agreements in restraint of trade and other allegedly anticompetitive means to acquire and maintain monopoly power in the market for the administration of electronic toll payment collection for rental cars. PlusPass seeks injunctive relief, divestiture by Verra Mobility of HTA, damages in an amount to be determined, and attorneys’ fees and costs. On May 28, 2021, Verra Mobility filed a motion to dismiss the SAC in its entirety, which was denied in August 2021. Discovery is underway and trial has been set for September 2023. Verra Mobility believes that all of PlusPass' claims are without merit and will defend itself vigorously in this litigation.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business

Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes a discussion of our risk factors. Other than the risk factor below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. We may disclose changes to such risk factors or disclose additional risk factors from time to time in our future SEC filings.

We cannot guarantee that our stock repurchase program will enhance long-term shareholder value. Stock repurchases could also increase the volatility of the trading price of our stock and could diminish our cash reserves.

In May 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $125 million of our outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. We subsequently paid $50.0 million in May 2022 to repurchase outstanding shares of our Class A Common Stock through an ASR, and received an initial delivery of 2,739,726 shares. The final settlement occurred in August 2022, at which time we received 445,086 additional shares. In addition, during the second and third quarters, we paid $6.9 million and repurchased 445,791 shares of our Class A Common Stock through open market transactions. During the third quarter of 2022, we discontinued open market repurchases and our Board of Directors authorized a second ASR for the remaining availability under the share repurchase program. In August 2022, we paid $68.1 million for the second ASR, and received an initial delivery of 3,300,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock. The final settlement is expected to occur during the fourth quarter of 2022, at which time, a volume-weighted average price calculation over the term of the ASR agreement will be used to determine the final number and the average price of shares repurchased and retired.

The timing, price, and quantity of purchases under the program have been, and will continue to be, made at the discretion of our management based upon a variety of factors including share price, general and business market conditions, compliance with applicable laws and regulations, corporate and regulatory requirements, and alternative uses of capital. There is no guarantee as to the exact number of shares that we will repurchase and we cannot guarantee that the program will enhance long-term stockholder value. The share repurchase program could affect the trading price of our common stock and increase volatility. In addition, our repurchases under our share repurchase program have diminished, and could continue to diminish, our cash reserves.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Purchases of Equity Securities

In May 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to an aggregate amount of $125.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock over a 12 month period in open market transactions, ASRs or in privately negotiated transactions, each as permitted under applicable rules and regulations, any of which may use pre-arranged trading plans that are designed to meet the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act.

We subsequently paid $50.0 million in May 2022 to repurchase outstanding shares of our Class A Common Stock through an ASR, and received an initial delivery of 2,739,726 shares. The final settlement occurred in August 2022, at which time we

received 445,086 additional shares. In addition, during the second and third quarters, we paid $6.9 million and repurchased 445,791 shares of our Class A Common Stock through open market transactions. During the third quarter of 2022, we discontinued open market repurchases and our Board of Directors authorized a second ASR for the remaining availability under the share repurchase program. In August 2022, we paid $68.1 million for the second ASR, and received an initial delivery of 3,300,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock. The final settlement is expected to occur during the fourth quarter of 2022, at which time, a volume-weighted average price calculation over the term of the ASR agreement will be used to determine the final number and the average price of shares repurchased and retired.

The following details the purchases of the Company's Class A Common Stock during the three months ended September 30, 2022:


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet to be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
As of July 1, 2022		—	$	—		—	$	69,790,032
Share repurchases		109,638	$	15.74		109,638	$	68,069,870
As of July 31, 2022		109,638	$	15.74		109,638	$	68,069,870
Share repurchases - ASR (1)		3,745,086	$	16.27		3,745,086	$	—
Share repurchases		—	$	—		—	$	—
As of August 31, 2022		3,854,724	$	—		3,854,724	$	—
Share repurchases		—	$	—		—	$	—
As of September 30, 2022		3,854,724	$	—		3,854,724	$	—

(1) This includes the settlement of the first ASR on August 3, 2022 for 445,086 additional shares and the initial delivery of 3,300,000 shares from the second ASR on August 19, 2022.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

We did not have any sales of unregistered equity securities during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Exhibit Index


		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date	Filed Herewith
2.1	Merger Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2018, by and among Gores Holdings II, Inc., AM Merger Sub I, Inc., AM Merger Sub II, LLC, Greenlight Holding II Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, in its capacity as the Stockholder Representative.	8-K	001-37979	2.1	June 21, 2018
2.2	Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 23, 2018, by and among Gores Holdings II, Inc., AM Merger Sub I, Inc., AM Merger Sub II, LLC, Greenlight Holding II Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, in its capacity as the Stockholder Representative.	8-K	001-37979	2.2	August 24, 2018
3.1	Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Verra Mobility Corporation.	8-K	001-37979	3.1	October 22, 2018
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Verra Mobility Corporation.	8-K	001-37979	3.2	October 22, 2018
4.1	Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate.	S-1	333-21503	4.2	December 9, 2016
4.2	Specimen Warrant Certificate.	S-1	333-21503	4.3	December 9, 2016
4.3	Warrant Agreement, dated January 12, 2017, between the Registrant and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent.	8-K	001-37979	4.1	January 19, 2017
4.4	First Amendment to Warrant Agreement, dated January 15, 2020, by and among the Registrant, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company.	10-K	001-37979	4.4	March 2, 2020
10.1	Separation and Release Agreement, by and between Rebecca Collins and the Registrant, dated August 29, 2022.					X
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X


101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).	X
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.	X
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.	X
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.	X
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.	X
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.	X
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)	X
* This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

Date: November 2, 2022	By:	/s/ David Roberts
		David Roberts
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)